Cite My Sources

If you're quoting the exact words of someone else, introduce the quote with an in-text citation in parentheses. Any sentence punctuation goes after the closing parenthesis.

• According to Brown (2019), "Direct quote" (p. 1021).
• Brown (2019) found that "Direct quote" (p. 1021).
• [Some other introduction] "Direct quote" (Brown, 2019, p. 1021).

If you're directly quoting more than 40 words, use a blockquote. Block quotes don't need quotation marks. Instead, indent the text 1/2" as a visual cue that you are citing. The in-text citation in parentheses goes after the punctuation of the quote.

Shavers (2007) study found the following:

While research studies have established that socioeconomic status influences disease incidence, severity and access to healthcare, there has been relatively less study of the specific manner in which low SES influences receipt of quality care and consequent morbidity and mortality among patients with similar disease characteristics, particularly among those who have gained access to the healthcare system. (p. 1021)

Tip: Use direct quotes sparingly! Focus on summarizing the findings from multiple research studies. In the sciences and social sciences, only use the exact phrasing or argument of an individual when necessary.

Paraphrasing or summarizing the main findings or takeaways from a research article is the preferred method of citing sources in an APA paper. Always include the last name of the author(s) and the year of the article, so your reader can find the full citation in the reference list.

According to Shavers (2007), limitations of studying socioeconomic status in research on health disparities include difficulties in collecting data on socioeconomic status and the complications of classifying women, children, and employment status.

You only need the author's last name and the year.

(Abrams, 2018)

Connect both authors' last names with & (ampersand) and include the year.

(Wegener & Petty, 1994)

If there are 3 or more authors use et al., which means "and others."

(Harris et al., 2018)

First time with an abbreviation:

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2019)

Then all subsequent citations: (CDC, 2019)

1. Author(s). Note: List each author's last name and initial as Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. Use an ampersand (&) before the final author's name. Read more from the APA Style website if there are 21 or more authors.
2. (Year).
3. Title of the article. Note: For works that are part of a greater whole (e.g. articles, chapter), use sentence case. Only the first word of the title and subtitle and proper nouns are capitalized.
4. Title of the Journal, Note: Italicize and capitalize each word in the journal.
5. Volume Note: Italicize the journal volume. If there is no issue, include a comma before the page range.
6. (Issue), Note: If there is a issue number in addition to a volume number, include it in parentheses.
7. Page range.
8. DOI (Digital Object Identifier) Read more about DOIs from the APA Style wesbite.

Example:

See Journal Article References for further examples.

1. Author(s). Note: List each author's last name and initials as Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. Use an ampersand (&) before the final author's name.
2. (Year, Month Date). Note: You do not need to abbreviate the month.
3. Title of the article. Note: For works that are part of a greater whole (e.g. articles, chapter), use sentence case. Only the first word of the title and subtitle and proper nouns are capitalized.
4. Title of the Newspaper or Publication. Note: Italicize and capitalize each word in the publication.
5. URL

Example:

See Magazine and Newspaper Article References for further examples.

1. Author(s). Note: List each author's last name and initials as Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. Use an ampersand (&) before the final author's name.
2. (Year).
3. Title of the book. Note: For works that stand alone (e.g. books, reports), italicize the title. Only capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle and any proper nouns.
4. (Edition). Note: If there is an edition or volume, include it in parentheses and use abbreviations of ed. or vol.
5. Publisher. Note: You do not need to include the publisher location or databases where you retrieved it.
6. DOI/URL. If the book includes a DOI or stable URL, include it in the reference after the publisher name. Do not include the name of the database.

Examples:

See Book/Ebook References for further examples.

1. Author(s). Note: List each chapter author's last name and initials as Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. Use an ampersand (&) before the final author's name.
2. (Year).
3. Title of the chapter. Note: For works that are part of a greater whole (e.g. articles, chapter), use sentence case. Only the first word of the title and subtitle and proper nouns are capitalized.
4. In Editor(s), Note: List each editor's last name and initials as A. A. Editor, B. B. Editor, & C. C. Editors, include (Ed.) or (Eds.) in parentheses, and end with a comma.
5. Title of the book Note: For works that stand alone (e.g. books, reports), italicize the title. Only capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle and any proper nouns.
6. (pp.xx-xx).
7. Publisher. Note: You do not need to include the publisher location.
8. DOI/URL. If the book includes a DOI or stable URL, include it in the reference after the publisher name. Do not include the name of the database.

Examples:

See Chapter in an Edited Book/Ebook References for further examples.

1. Author(s). Note: List each author's last name and initials as Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. If there is no author, spell out the name of the organization or site.
2. (Year, Month Date). Note: Read more about date formats from the APA Style website. Provide as specific a date as is available. Use the date last updated, but not the date last reviewed or copyright date. If there is no date, use (n.d.).
3. Title of page or section. Note: Italicize the title of the page.
4. Source. Note: Usually the official name of the website. If the source would be the same as the author, you can omit the source to avoid repetition.
5. URL

Example:

See Webpage on a Website References for further examples.

1. Author(s). Note: List each author's last name and initials as Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. If there is no author, spell out the name of the organization that published the report.
2. (Year, Month Date). Note: Provide as specific a date as is available.
3. Title of the report or document. Note: For works that stand alone (e.g. books, reports), italicize the title. Only capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle and any proper nouns.
4. Source. Includes the names of parent agencies or other organizations not listed in the group author name here.
5. URL

Example:

1. Author. Note: List the author's last name and initials as Author, A. A. There is usually only one author for a thesis or dissertation, you don't need to include any faculty advisers.
2. (Year, Month Date). Note: Provide as specific a date as is available.
3. Title of the dissertation or thesis [Doctoral dissertation or Master's thesis, Name of University]. Note: For works that stand alone (e.g. books, dissertations, theses), italicize the title. Only capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle and any proper nouns. The title page will indicate whether it's a Doctoral dissertation or Master's thesis and list the name of the university granting the degree.
4. Source. Note: Include the name of the database or institutional repository where you can access the work (e.g. ProQuest Central Essentials, Open Access Theses and Dissertations, Digital Commons Network, etc.) here.
5. URL Note: If available it's available.

Example:

Check out more examples for citing dissertations and theses on the APA Style site.

1. Author(s). Note: List each creator's last name and initials as Creator, A. A., Creator, B. B., & Creator, C. C. If there is no creator listed, spell out the name of the organization that published the image.
2. (Year, Month Date). Note: Provide as specific a date as is available.
3. Title of the image, artwork, or exhibit. Italicize the title of the work; for works that do not have a title, include a description in square brackets in place of a title. Note: Only capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle and any proper nouns.
4. Medium or format. Include a description of the medium or format in square brackets after the title. The description is flexible, so "[Painting]", "[Oil painting]", or "[Oil on canvas]" are all acceptable descriptions.
5. Source. Include the name and location of the museum that holds the artwork, or name of the website that the image was downloaded from.
6. URL Include a link to the image (if hosted online), or to the item on the Museum's website (if available).

Example: